{"id":4381,"date":"2009-08-02T21:13:53","date_gmt":"2009-08-02T18:13:53","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/yeni.maliyeokulu.org.tr\/foreigntrade\/"},"modified":"2024-01-25T21:32:02","modified_gmt":"2024-01-25T18:32:02","slug":"foreigntrade","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/yeni.maliyeokulu.org.tr\/?p=4381","title":{"rendered":"G\u00fcmr\u00fck Birli\u011finin D\u0131\u015f Ticaretimiz \u00dczerine Etkileri"},"content":{"rendered":"\t\t
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G\u00fcmr\u00fck Birli\u011finin D\u0131\u015f Ticaretimiz \u00dczerine Etkileri<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t
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Ankara - 1985<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t
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\u00a0<\/strong><\/pre>
 1. GENEL DE\u011eERLEND\u0130RME<\/strong><\/p>
Avrupa Ekonomik Toplulu\u011fu (AET), 1957 y\u0131l\u0131nda, bir g\u00fcmr\u00fck birli\u011fi \u015feklinde kurulmu\u015f ancak ileride geni\u015f kapsaml\u0131 bir ekonomik ve siyasi birlik olu\u015fturmay\u0131 hedeflemi\u015ftir. Topluluk \u00fcyeleri, 1 Temmuz 1968 tarihinde birbirlerine uygulad\u0131klar\u0131 g\u00fcmr\u00fck tarifelerini t\u00fcm\u00fcyle ortadan kald\u0131rarak Ortak G\u00fcmr\u00fck Tarifesini y\u00fcr\u00fcrl\u00fc\u011fe koymu\u015flar ve b\u00f6ylece kendi aralar\u0131nda g\u00fcmr\u00fck birli\u011fini tamamlam\u0131\u015flard\u0131r.[1]<\/p>
\u00d6te yandan, Ankara Anla\u015fmas\u0131\u2019n\u0131n 4\u2019\u00fcnc\u00fc maddesi, ge\u00e7i\u015f d\u00f6nemi i\u00e7inde T\u00fcrkiye ile Topluluk aras\u0131nda bir g\u00fcmr\u00fck birli\u011finin gittik\u00e7e geli\u015fen bir \u015fekilde yerle\u015fmesini \u00f6ng\u00f6rm\u00fc\u015ft\u00fcr. Bu kapsamda, \u00f6zellikle ge\u00e7i\u015f d\u00f6nemi(1.1.1973\u201331.12.1995) i\u00e7inde T\u00fcrkiye\u2019nin Toplulukla ticari ili\u015fkileri artm\u0131\u015f, AET, Ge\u00e7ici Anla\u015fma ile 1971 y\u0131l\u0131ndan itibaren baz\u0131 s\u0131n\u0131rl\u0131 say\u0131da \u00fcr\u00fcn d\u0131\u015f\u0131nda (pamuk ipli\u011fi, makine hal\u0131lar\u0131 gibi) T\u00fcrkiye kaynakl\u0131 t\u00fcm sanayi \u00fcr\u00fcnlerine kar\u015f\u0131 g\u00fcmr\u00fck vergilerini s\u0131f\u0131rlam\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. T\u00fcrkiye ise, Topluluk \u00e7\u0131k\u0131\u015fl\u0131 sanayi \u00fcr\u00fcnlerine kar\u015f\u0131 g\u00fcmr\u00fck indirimlerini a\u015famal\u0131 olarak ger\u00e7ekle\u015ftirmi\u015f ve 1995 y\u0131l\u0131na gelindi\u011finde 12 ve 22 y\u0131ll\u0131k sanayi \u00fcr\u00fcnleri listelerinde ve Avrupa Birli\u011fi\u2019nin (AB) Ortak G\u00fcmr\u00fck Tarifesi\u2019nde %80\u2019in \u00fczerinde uyum sa\u011flam\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/p>
T\u00fcrkiye-AB aras\u0131nda cereyan eden zorlu m\u00fczakereler neticesinde, 6 Mart 1995 tarihli 1\/95 say\u0131l\u0131 Ortakl\u0131k Konseyi Karar\u0131 al\u0131nm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Bu karara g\u00f6re, T\u00fcrkiye-AB G\u00fcmr\u00fck Birli\u011fi 1 Ocak 1996 tarihinden itibaren y\u00fcr\u00fcrl\u00fc\u011fe girecektir. 1996 y\u0131l\u0131ndan itibaren Avrupa Birli\u011fi \u00e7\u0131k\u0131\u015fl\u0131 t\u00fcm sanayi \u00fcr\u00fcnleri ile i\u015flenmi\u015f tar\u0131m \u00fcr\u00fcnlerine kar\u015f\u0131 g\u00fcmr\u00fck vergisi ile e\u015f etkili vergiler ve miktar k\u0131s\u0131tlamalar\u0131n\u0131 kald\u0131r\u0131lm\u0131\u015f, \u00fc\u00e7\u00fcnc\u00fc \u00fclkelere kar\u015f\u0131 ise AB\u2019nin Ortak G\u00fcmr\u00fck Tarifesi uygulanmaya ba\u015flanm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. B\u00f6ylece, Taraflar aras\u0131ndaki ili\u015fkilerde, Ankara Anla\u015fmas\u0131\u2019nda \u00f6ng\u00f6r\u00fclen son d\u00f6neme ge\u00e7ilmi\u015ftir.<\/p>
Di\u011fer taraftan, Avrupa Topluluklar\u0131\u2019n\u0131n (AT) \u00fc\u00e7\u00fcnc\u00fc bir \u00fclke ile ger\u00e7ekle\u015ftirdi\u011fi ilk g\u00fcmr\u00fck birli\u011fi olan AT-T\u00fcrkiye G\u00fcmr\u00fck Birli\u011fi, T\u00fcrkiye\u2019nin Tek Pazara ayr\u0131cal\u0131kl\u0131 bir \u015fekilde girmesine izin veren ve T\u00fcrk ekonomisinin rekabet g\u00fcc\u00fcn\u00fc art\u0131ran \u00f6nemli bir ad\u0131m olarak da de\u011ferlendirilebilir.[2]<\/p>
Her ne kadar ba\u015flang\u0131\u00e7ta, T\u00fcrk sanayisinin g\u00fc\u00e7l\u00fc Avrupa sanayisi kar\u015f\u0131s\u0131nda rekabet g\u00fcc\u00fc olmad\u0131\u011f\u0131, \u00fcstlenilen tek tarafl\u0131 y\u00fck\u00fcml\u00fcl\u00fckler ile alternatif d\u0131\u015f pazarlara giri\u015fin k\u0131s\u0131tlanaca\u011f\u0131 ve G\u00fcmr\u00fck Birli\u011fi\u2019nin AB ile gerekti\u011fi gibi m\u00fczakere edilemedi\u011fi y\u00f6n\u00fcnde olumsuz ele\u015ftiriler yap\u0131lm\u0131\u015f olsa da, G\u00fcmr\u00fck Birli\u011fi\u2019nin san\u0131lan\u0131n aksine T\u00fcrk D\u0131\u015f Ticareti \u00fczerinde k\u00f6kl\u00fc bir de\u011fi\u015fikli\u011fe yol a\u00e7mad\u0131\u011f\u0131 g\u00f6r\u00fclmektedir.<\/p>
Di\u011fer taraftan, G\u00fcmr\u00fck Birli\u011fi\u2019ni, T\u00fcrk d\u0131\u015f ticaretindeki de\u011fi\u015fimleri tek ba\u015f\u0131na belirleyen bir s\u00fcre\u00e7 olarak de\u011ferlendirmek yeterli olmayacakt\u0131r. Bu \u00e7er\u00e7evede \u00f6ncelikle 5 Nisan 1994 tarihinde ya\u015fanan ekonomik kriz ile meydana gelen deval\u00fcasyonun yaratt\u0131\u011f\u0131 sorunlar\u0131n ve 1997 y\u0131l\u0131nda D\u00fcnya ekonomisinde patlak veren Asya, ard\u0131ndan Rusya krizlerinin de\u011ferlendirmelerde dikkate al\u0131nmas\u0131 gerekmektedir. Ayr\u0131ca 1998 Mart ay\u0131 itibariyle T\u00fcrkiye ekonomisinde ya\u015fanan ciddi durgunlu\u011fu, 1999 y\u0131l\u0131nda ger\u00e7ekle\u015ftirilen genel se\u00e7imler, A\u011fustos ve Kas\u0131m aylar\u0131nda ya\u015fanan deprem felaketlerinin izlemesi de, bu d\u00f6nemde T\u00fcrkiye-Avrupa Birli\u011fi d\u0131\u015f ticaretinin yap\u0131s\u0131n\u0131 etkilemi\u015ftir. Son olarak T\u00fcrkiye\u2019nin kronik enflasyon sorununa \u00e7\u00f6z\u00fcm bulmak amac\u0131yla 2000 y\u0131l\u0131nda uygulamaya koyulan Ekonomik \u0130stikrar Program\u0131n\u0131n, Kas\u0131m 2000 ve \u015eubat 2001 tarihlerinde ya\u015fanan krizlerle hedeflerinden sapmas\u0131yla olu\u015fan istikrars\u0131zl\u0131k ve deval\u00fcasyon, 2001 y\u0131l\u0131 ilk yar\u0131s\u0131ndaki d\u0131\u015f ticaret rakamlar\u0131nda belirleyici olmu\u015ftur.[3]<\/p>
2. AB\u2019N\u0130N DI\u015e T\u0130CARET\u0130M\u0130Z \u0130\u00c7\u0130NDEK\u0130 PAYI <\/strong><\/p>
G\u00fcmr\u00fck Birli\u011fi \u00f6ncesinde T\u00fcrkiye\u2019nin en b\u00fcy\u00fck ticaret orta\u011f\u0131 olan AB, G\u00fcmr\u00fck Birli\u011fi sonras\u0131nda da bu \u00f6zelli\u011fini devam ettirmi\u015ftir. Bir ba\u015fka deyi\u015fle, G\u00fcmr\u00fck Birli\u011fi, T\u00fcrkiye\u2019nin d\u0131\u015f ticaretinin co\u011frafi da\u011f\u0131l\u0131m\u0131nda \u00f6nemli bir de\u011fi\u015fikli\u011fe yol a\u00e7mam\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. 1993-1995 y\u0131llar\u0131 aras\u0131nda, d\u0131\u015f ticaretimiz i\u00e7inde ortalama %45 olan AB\u2019nin pay\u0131, 1996-2005 y\u0131llar\u0131n\u0131 kapsayan d\u00f6nemde ortalama %50 olmu\u015ftur. Bunda, G\u00fcmr\u00fck Birli\u011fi\u2019nin, 1971 y\u0131l\u0131ndan beri zaten a\u015famal\u0131 olarak ger\u00e7ekle\u015ftirilmi\u015f olmas\u0131 ve 1996 y\u0131l\u0131na gelindi\u011finde ise g\u00fcmr\u00fck tarifelerinde uyumun yakla\u015f\u0131k %80 oran\u0131nda sa\u011flanm\u0131\u015f olmas\u0131n\u0131n \u00f6nemli bir pay\u0131 vard\u0131r. \u00d6te yandan, AB gibi g\u00fc\u00e7l\u00fc bir ekonominin T\u00fcrkiye\u2019nin d\u0131\u015f ticaretinde istikrarl\u0131 bir \u015fekilde ve en b\u00fcy\u00fck paya sahip olmas\u0131n\u0131n, T\u00fcrk ekonomisinin D\u00fcnya ekonomisinde ya\u015fanabilecek krizlerden daha az etkilenmesine yard\u0131mc\u0131 olabilecektir.<\/p>
Tablo 1 : T\u00fcrkiye\u2019nin D\u0131\u015f Ticareti ve AB\u2019nin Pay\u0131<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/strong><\/p>
Y\u0131llar<\/span><\/span><\/strong><\/td>Genel (milyon $)<\/span><\/span><\/strong><\/td>AB (milyon $)<\/span><\/span><\/strong><\/td>AB’nin Pay\u0131 (%)<\/span><\/span><\/strong><\/td><\/tr>
\u00a0<\/td>\u0130hracat<\/span><\/span><\/td>\u0130thalat<\/span><\/span><\/td>Hacim<\/span><\/span><\/td>A\u00e7\u0131k <\/span><\/span><\/td>\u0130hracat<\/span><\/span><\/td>\u0130thalat<\/span><\/span><\/td>Hacim <\/span><\/span><\/td>A\u00e7\u0131k<\/span><\/span><\/td>\u0130hracat<\/span><\/span><\/td>\u0130thalat<\/span><\/span><\/td>Hacim<\/span><\/span><\/td><\/tr>
1971<\/span><\/span><\/td>676<\/span><\/span><\/td>1.171<\/span><\/span><\/td>1.847<\/span><\/span><\/td>-495<\/span><\/span><\/td>329<\/span><\/span><\/td>582<\/span><\/span><\/td>911<\/span><\/span><\/td>-253<\/span><\/span><\/td>0,49<\/span><\/span><\/td>0,50<\/span><\/span><\/td>0,49<\/span><\/span><\/td><\/tr>
1980<\/span><\/span><\/td>2.910<\/span><\/span><\/td>7.909<\/span><\/span><\/td>10.819<\/span><\/span><\/td>-4.999<\/span><\/span><\/td>1.300<\/span><\/span><\/td>2.360<\/span><\/span><\/td>3.660<\/span><\/span><\/td>-1.060<\/span><\/span><\/td>0,45<\/span><\/span><\/td>0,30<\/span><\/span><\/td>0,34<\/span><\/span><\/td><\/tr>
1993<\/span><\/span><\/td>15.348<\/span><\/span><\/td>29.429<\/span><\/span><\/td>44.777<\/span><\/span><\/td>-14.081<\/span><\/span><\/td>7.289<\/span><\/span><\/td>10.950<\/span><\/span><\/td>18.239<\/span><\/span><\/td>-3.661<\/span><\/span><\/td>0,47<\/span><\/span><\/td>0,37<\/span><\/span><\/td>0,41<\/span><\/span><\/td><\/tr>
1994<\/span><\/span><\/td>18.105<\/span><\/span><\/td>23.270<\/span><\/span><\/td>41.375<\/span><\/span><\/td>-5.165<\/span><\/span><\/td>8.269<\/span><\/span><\/td>10.279<\/span><\/span><\/td>18.548<\/span><\/span><\/td>-2.010<\/span><\/span><\/td>0,46<\/span><\/span><\/td>0,44<\/span><\/span><\/td>0,45<\/span><\/span><\/td><\/tr>
1995<\/span><\/span><\/td>21.636<\/span><\/span><\/td>35.707<\/span><\/span><\/td>57.343<\/span><\/span><\/td>-14.071<\/span><\/span><\/td>11.078<\/span><\/span><\/td>16.760<\/span><\/span><\/td>27.838<\/span><\/span><\/td>-5.682<\/span><\/span><\/td>0,51<\/span><\/span><\/td>0,47<\/span><\/span><\/td>0,49<\/span><\/span><\/td><\/tr>
1996<\/span><\/span><\/td>23.224<\/span><\/span><\/td>43.626<\/span><\/span><\/td>66.850<\/span><\/span><\/td>-20.402<\/span><\/span><\/td>11.548<\/span><\/span><\/td>23.138<\/span><\/span><\/td>34.686<\/span><\/span><\/td>-11.590<\/span><\/span><\/td>0,50<\/span><\/span><\/td>0,53<\/span><\/span><\/td>0,52<\/span><\/span><\/td><\/tr>
1997<\/span><\/span><\/td>26.261<\/span><\/span><\/td>48.559<\/span><\/span><\/td>74.820<\/span><\/span><\/td>-22.298<\/span><\/span><\/td>12.248<\/span><\/span><\/td>24.870<\/span><\/span><\/td>37.118<\/span><\/span><\/td>-12.622<\/span><\/span><\/td>0,47<\/span><\/span><\/td>0,51<\/span><\/span><\/td>0,50<\/span><\/span><\/td><\/tr>
1998<\/span><\/span><\/td>26.974<\/span><\/span><\/td>45.921<\/span><\/span><\/td>72.895<\/span><\/span><\/td>-18.947<\/span><\/span><\/td>13.498<\/span><\/span><\/td>24.075<\/span><\/span><\/td>37.573<\/span><\/span><\/td>-10.577<\/span><\/span><\/td>0,50<\/span><\/span><\/td>0,52<\/span><\/span><\/td>0,52<\/span><\/span><\/td><\/tr>
1999<\/span><\/span><\/td>26.588<\/span><\/span><\/td>40.692<\/span><\/span><\/td>67.280<\/span><\/span><\/td>-14.104<\/span><\/span><\/td>14.333<\/span><\/span><\/td>21.419<\/span><\/span><\/td>35.752<\/span><\/span><\/td>-7.086<\/span><\/span><\/td>0,54<\/span><\/span><\/td>0,53<\/span><\/span><\/td>0,53<\/span><\/span><\/td><\/tr>
2000<\/span><\/span><\/td>27.485<\/span><\/span><\/td>54.149<\/span><\/span><\/td>81.634<\/span><\/span><\/td>-26.664<\/span><\/span><\/td>14.352<\/span><\/span><\/td>26.388<\/span><\/span><\/td>40.740<\/span><\/span><\/td>-12.036<\/span><\/span><\/td>0,52<\/span><\/span><\/td>0,49<\/span><\/span><\/td>0,50<\/span><\/span><\/td><\/tr>
2001<\/span><\/span><\/td>31.342<\/span><\/span><\/td>41.399<\/span><\/span><\/td>72.741<\/span><\/span><\/td>-10.057<\/span><\/span><\/td>16.118<\/span><\/span><\/td>18.280<\/span><\/span><\/td>34.398<\/span><\/span><\/td>-2.162<\/span><\/span><\/td>0,51<\/span><\/span><\/td>0,44<\/span><\/span><\/td>0,47<\/span><\/span><\/td><\/tr>
2002<\/span><\/span><\/td>36.059<\/span><\/span><\/td>51.553<\/span><\/span><\/td>87.612<\/span><\/span><\/td>-15.494<\/span><\/span><\/td>18.459<\/span><\/span><\/td>23.321<\/span><\/span><\/td>41.780<\/span><\/span><\/td>-4.862<\/span><\/span><\/td>0,51<\/span><\/span><\/td>0,45<\/span><\/span><\/td>0,48<\/span><\/span><\/td><\/tr>
2003<\/span><\/span><\/td>47.252<\/span><\/span><\/td>69.339<\/span><\/span><\/td>116.591<\/span><\/span><\/td>-22.087<\/span><\/span><\/td>25.899<\/span><\/span><\/td>33.495<\/span><\/span><\/td>59.394<\/span><\/span><\/td>-7.596<\/span><\/span><\/td>0,55<\/span><\/span><\/td>0,48<\/span><\/span><\/td>0,51<\/span><\/span><\/td><\/tr>
2004<\/span><\/span><\/td>63.121<\/span><\/span><\/td>97.540<\/span><\/span><\/td>160.661<\/span><\/span><\/td>-34.419<\/span><\/span><\/td>34.310<\/span><\/span><\/td>45.373<\/span><\/span><\/td>79.683<\/span><\/span><\/td>-11.063<\/span><\/span><\/td>0,54<\/span><\/span><\/td>0,47<\/span><\/span><\/td>0,50<\/span><\/span><\/td><\/tr>
2005<\/span><\/span><\/td>73.122<\/span><\/span><\/td>116.048<\/span><\/span><\/td>189.170<\/span><\/span><\/td>-42.926<\/span><\/span><\/td>38.312<\/span><\/span><\/td>48.958<\/span><\/span><\/td>87.270<\/span><\/span><\/td>-10.646<\/span><\/span><\/td>0,52<\/span><\/span><\/td>0,42<\/span><\/span><\/td>0,46<\/span><\/span><\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><\/table>
\u00a0<\/p><\/div>
Kaynak: DTM, D\u0130E.<\/p>
T\u00fcrkiye\u2019nin AB-25\u2019e ihra\u00e7 etti\u011fi belli ba\u015fl\u0131 sanayi \u00fcr\u00fcnleri cihaz, tekstil \u00fcr\u00fcnleri, motorlu ara\u00e7 ve otomotiv par\u00e7alar\u0131d\u0131r. T\u00fcrkiye\u2019nin AB-25\u2019e ihra\u00e7 etti\u011fi belli ba\u015fl\u0131 tar\u0131msal \u00fcr\u00fcnler ise meyve, sebze ve f\u0131nd\u0131k olup, bu durum, T\u00fcrkiye\u2019nin tar\u0131m \u00fcr\u00fcnleri ticaretinde fazla vermesini sa\u011flam\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. T\u00fcrkiye\u2019nin ba\u015fl\u0131ca sanayi ithalat kalemleri ise makineler, kimyevi \u00fcr\u00fcnler, demir ve \u00e7eliktir.[4]<\/p>
1996\u2019dan itibaren AB\u2019nin D\u0131\u015f ticaretimiz i\u00e7indeki da\u011f\u0131l\u0131m\u0131 ithalat lehinde de\u011fi\u015fmi\u015f; 1993-1995 y\u0131llar\u0131nda ortalama 8.879 milyar dolar olan ihracat pay\u0131 1996-2000 y\u0131llar\u0131nda ortalama 13.196 milyar dolara y\u00fckselirken, ithalatta bu pay y\u0131ll\u0131k ortalama 12.663 milyar dolardan 23.978 milyar dolara y\u00fckselmi\u015ftir. 2005 y\u0131l\u0131nda ise AB, 73.122 milyar dolarl\u0131k ihracat\u0131m\u0131zdan 38.312 milyar dolar, 116.048 milyar dolarl\u0131k ithalat\u0131m\u0131zdan ise 48.958 milyar dolar pay alm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Bu tutarlar\u0131n genel ihracat ve ithalat\u0131m\u0131za oranlar\u0131 ise s\u0131ras\u0131yla %52 ve %42 olmu\u015ftur.<\/p>
Tablo 2: T\u00fcrkiye\u2019nin \u0130hracat\u0131n\u0131n \u0130thalat\u0131 Kar\u015f\u0131lama Oranlar\u0131<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/strong><\/div>
 Y\u0131llar<\/span><\/span><\/td>Genel<\/span><\/span><\/td>AB<\/span><\/span><\/td><\/tr>
ihracat\/ithalat<\/span><\/span><\/td>ihracat\/ithalat<\/span><\/span><\/td><\/tr>
1971<\/span><\/span><\/td>0,58<\/span><\/span><\/td>0,57<\/span><\/span><\/td><\/tr>
1980<\/span><\/span><\/td>0,37<\/span><\/span><\/td>0,55<\/span><\/span><\/td><\/tr>
1993<\/span><\/span><\/td>0,52<\/span><\/span><\/td>0,67<\/span><\/span><\/td><\/tr>
1994<\/span><\/span><\/td>0,78<\/span><\/span><\/td>0,80<\/span><\/span><\/td><\/tr>
1995<\/span><\/span><\/td>0,61<\/span><\/span><\/td>0,66<\/span><\/span><\/td><\/tr>
1996<\/span><\/span><\/td>0,53<\/span><\/span><\/td>0,50<\/span><\/span><\/td><\/tr>
1997<\/span><\/span><\/td>0,54<\/span><\/span><\/td>0,49<\/span><\/span><\/td><\/tr>
1998<\/span><\/span><\/td>0,59<\/span><\/span><\/td>0,56<\/span><\/span><\/td><\/tr>
1999<\/span><\/span><\/td>0,65<\/span><\/span><\/td>0,67<\/span><\/span><\/td><\/tr>
2000<\/span><\/span><\/td>0,51<\/span><\/span><\/td>0,54<\/span><\/span><\/td><\/tr>
2001<\/span><\/span><\/td>0,76<\/span><\/span><\/td>0,88<\/span><\/span><\/td><\/tr>
2002<\/span><\/span><\/td>0,70<\/span><\/span><\/td>0,79<\/span><\/span><\/td><\/tr>
2003<\/span><\/span><\/td>0,68<\/span><\/span><\/td>0,77<\/span><\/span><\/td><\/tr>
2004<\/span><\/span><\/td>0,65<\/span><\/span><\/td>0,76<\/span><\/span><\/td><\/tr>
2005<\/span><\/span><\/td>0,63<\/span><\/span><\/td>0,78<\/span><\/span><\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><\/table>
Kaynak: DTM, D\u0130E<\/p>
Di\u011fer taraftan, T\u00fcrkiye\u2019nin Avrupa Birli\u011fi d\u0131\u015f\u0131nda ticaret yapt\u0131\u011f\u0131 di\u011fer \u00fclke ve \u00fclke gruplar\u0131 ile G\u00fcmr\u00fck Birli\u011fi sonras\u0131 ger\u00e7ekle\u015ftirdi\u011fi ticarette de belirgin bir de\u011fi\u015fiklik olmad\u0131\u011f\u0131 ve ayn\u0131 oranlarda istikrarl\u0131 bir art\u0131\u015f g\u00f6sterdi\u011fi ortaya \u00e7\u0131km\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Bu \u00e7er\u00e7evede, G\u00fcmr\u00fck Birli\u011fi\u2019nin Avrupa Birli\u011fi lehine \u00f6nemli bir ticaret sapmas\u0131 yaratmad\u0131\u011f\u0131 ve T\u00fcrkiye\u2019nin di\u011fer d\u0131\u015f ticaret pazarlar\u0131nda bir kayba yol a\u00e7mad\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 s\u00f6yleyebiliriz.

3. 1996-2005 D\u00d6NEM\u0130 TOPLAM DI\u015e T\u0130CARET KAR\u015eILA\u015eTIRMASI <\/strong><\/p>
Tablo 3\u2019den de g\u00f6r\u00fclece\u011fi \u00fczere, 1996-2005 d\u00f6neminde, T\u00fcrkiye\u2019nin AB \u00fclkeleriyle olan d\u0131\u015f ticaret a\u00e7\u0131\u011f\u0131, AB d\u0131\u015f\u0131 di\u011fer \u00fclkelerin toplam\u0131yla olan d\u0131\u015f ticaret a\u00e7\u0131\u011f\u0131ndan \u00f6nemli \u00f6l\u00e7\u00fcde azd\u0131r. Ayr\u0131ca, ayn\u0131 d\u00f6nemde AB\u2019ye yap\u0131lan ihracat\u0131m\u0131z\u0131n ithalat\u0131 kar\u015f\u0131lama oran\u0131 %69 iken, AB d\u0131\u015f\u0131nda kalan t\u00fcm \u00fclkelere yapt\u0131\u011f\u0131m\u0131z ihracat\u0131n ithalat\u0131 kar\u015f\u0131lama oran\u0131 %57 dir. Bu, AB ile olan d\u0131\u015f ticaretimizin, di\u011fer t\u00fcm \u00fclkelerle yapt\u0131\u011f\u0131m\u0131z d\u0131\u015f ticaret toplam\u0131na k\u0131yasla daha dengeli oldu\u011funu g\u00f6stermektedir.<\/p>
Tablo 3 : T\u00fcrkiye\u2019nin 1996-2005 D\u00f6nemi Toplam D\u0131\u015f Ticareti<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/strong><\/div>
Toplam D\u0131\u015f Ticaret (1996-2005) (Milyar $)<\/span><\/span><\/td><\/tr>
\u00a0<\/td>\u0130hracat<\/span><\/span><\/td>\u0130thalat<\/span><\/span><\/td>A\u00e7\u0131k<\/span><\/span><\/td>\u0130hracat\/ithalat<\/span><\/span><\/td><\/tr>
AB<\/span><\/span><\/td>199<\/span><\/span><\/td>289<\/span><\/span><\/td>-90<\/span><\/span><\/td>0,69<\/span><\/span><\/td><\/tr>
AB D\u0131\u015f\u0131<\/span><\/span><\/td>182<\/span><\/span><\/td>320<\/span><\/span><\/td>-138<\/span><\/span><\/td>0,57<\/span><\/span><\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><\/table>
Kaynak : DTM

4. AB\u2019YE OLAN DI\u015e T\u0130CARET\u0130M\u0130Z\u0130N MAL GRUPLARI \u0130T\u0130BAR\u0130YLE DA\u011eILIMI <\/strong><\/p>
T\u00fcrkiye\u2019nin AB\u2019den yapt\u0131\u011f\u0131 ithalat\u0131 mal gruplar\u0131na g\u00f6re de\u011ferlendirdi\u011fimizde, 1996-2004 y\u0131llar\u0131 aras\u0131nda yat\u0131r\u0131m mallar\u0131n\u0131n pay\u0131n\u0131n ortalama %26.5, ara mallar\u0131n\u0131n pay\u0131n\u0131n %57.54 ve t\u00fcketim mallar\u0131n\u0131n pay\u0131n\u0131n ise %15.35 oldu\u011funu g\u00f6rmekteyiz.<\/p>
Tablo 4 : T\u00fcrkiye\u2019nin AB\u2019nden Olan \u0130thalat\u0131n\u0131n Mal Gruplar\u0131 \u0130tibariyle Da\u011f\u0131l\u0131m\u0131<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/strong><\/div>
Y\u0131l<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/strong><\/td>Yat\u0131r\u0131m<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/strong><\/td>Ara Mal\u0131<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/strong><\/td>T\u00fcketim<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/strong><\/td><\/tr>
Pay(%)<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/strong><\/td>De\u011fi\u015fim (%)<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/strong><\/td>Pay (%)<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/strong><\/td>De\u011fi\u015fim (%)<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/strong><\/td>Pay (%)<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/strong><\/td>De\u011fi\u015fim (%)<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/strong><\/td><\/tr>
1994<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/strong><\/td>29,4<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/td>–<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/td>63,3<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/td>–<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/td>7,3<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/td>–<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/td><\/tr>
1995<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/strong><\/td>28,7<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/td>50,5<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/td>62,5<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/td>52,5<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/td>8,8<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/td>87,5<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/td><\/tr>
1996<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/strong><\/td>31,9<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/td>52,9<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/td>55,7<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/td>22,2<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/td>12,4<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/td>92,5<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/td><\/tr>
1997<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/strong><\/td>29,5<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/td>-0,8<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/td>56,3<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/td>8,8<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/td>14,2<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/td>23,2<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/td><\/tr>
1998<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/strong><\/td>29,8<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/td>-2<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/td>55,1<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/td>-5,3<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/td>15<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/td>2,5<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/td><\/tr>
1999<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/strong><\/td>28,4<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/td>-15,5<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/td>55,2<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/td>-10,9<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/td>16,5<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/td>-2,7<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/td><\/tr>
2000<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/strong><\/td>27,3<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/td>19,5<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/td>53<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/td>19,4<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/td>19,2<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/td>45,1<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/td><\/tr>
2001<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/strong><\/td>23,6<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/td>-40,5<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/td>61,1<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/td>-20,9<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/td>14,2<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/td>-49,3<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/td><\/tr>
2002<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/strong><\/td>23<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/td>24,2<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/td>61,8<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/td>29,1<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/td>13,7<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/td>23,2<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/td><\/tr>
2003<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/strong><\/td>22,1<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/td>30,6<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/td>60,7<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/td>33,4<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/td>16,2<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/td>61<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/td><\/tr>
2004<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/strong><\/td>23,5<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/td>52,5<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/td>59<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/td>39,4<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/td>16,8<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/td>47,9<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><\/table>
Kaynak: DTM<\/p>
1996 y\u0131l\u0131nda, bir \u00f6nceki y\u0131la g\u00f6re toplam ithalat %38.1 oran\u0131nda artarken, sermaye mallar\u0131 ithalat\u0131nda %52.9 , ara mallar\u0131 ithalat\u0131nda %22.2 ve t\u00fcketim mallar\u0131 ithalat\u0131nda %92.5 oran\u0131nda art\u0131\u015f olmu\u015ftur.<\/p>
T\u00fcrkiye\u2019nin AB\u2019den ger\u00e7ekle\u015ftirdi\u011fi ithalatta yat\u0131r\u0131m ve ara mallar\u0131n\u0131n a\u011f\u0131rl\u0131kl\u0131 yer tutmas\u0131, ithalat\u0131n T\u00fcrk sanayisine y\u00f6nelik girdi sa\u011flayan sa\u011fl\u0131kl\u0131 yap\u0131s\u0131n\u0131 ortaya koymaktad\u0131r. Y\u00fcksek teknolojiye dayanan yat\u0131r\u0131m mallar\u0131n\u0131n ithalat\u0131 bu \u00fcr\u00fcnlere ba\u011fl\u0131 \u00fcretimde de ileri teknoloji kullan\u0131m\u0131n\u0131 zorunlu k\u0131lmakta, firmalar\u0131 AR-GE\u2019 ye y\u00f6nelten bir di\u011fer etken olarak nihai a\u015famada \u00fcretimin kalitesinde belirleyici rol oynamaktad\u0131r.[5]<\/p>
Tablo 5 : T\u00fcrkiye\u2019nin AB\u2019ne Olan \u0130hracat\u0131n\u0131n Mal Gruplar\u0131 \u0130tibariyle Da\u011f\u0131l\u0131m\u0131<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/strong><\/p>
Y\u0131l<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/strong><\/td>Yat\u0131r\u0131m<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/strong><\/td>Ara Mal\u0131<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/strong><\/td>T\u00fcketim<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/strong><\/td><\/tr>
Pay (%)<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/strong><\/td>De\u011fi\u015fim (%)<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/strong><\/td>Pay (%)<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/strong><\/td>De\u011fi\u015fim (%)<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/strong><\/td>Pay (%)<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/strong><\/td>De\u011fi\u015fim (%)<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/strong><\/td><\/tr>
1994<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/strong><\/td>2,9<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/td>–<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/td>32,5<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/td>–<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/td>64,6<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/td>–<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/td><\/tr>
1995<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/strong><\/td>2,9<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/td>26,2<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/td>31,8<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/td>25,8<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/td>65,3<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/td>29,7<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/td><\/tr>
1996<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/strong><\/td>3,4<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/td>24,5<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/td>32,3<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/td>5,6<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/td>64,3<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/td>2,7<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/td><\/tr>
1997<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/strong><\/td>3,5<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/td>6,8<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/td>33,5<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/td>10,1<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/td>63<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/td>4<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/td><\/tr>
1998<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/strong><\/td>3,6<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/td>15,6<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/td>34,2<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/td>12,4<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/td>62,2<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/td>8,8<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/td><\/tr>
1999<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/strong><\/td>4,4<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/td>29<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/td>34,7<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/td>8<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/td>60,9<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/td>4<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/td><\/tr>
2000<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/strong><\/td>4,6<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/td>5,5<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/td>35,9<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/td>4,5<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/td>59,5<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/td>-1,2<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/td><\/tr>
2001<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/strong><\/td>6<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/td>44,1<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/td>35,7<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/td>10,5<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/td>58,1<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/td>8,4<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/td><\/tr>
2002<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/strong><\/td>6,9<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/td>32,7<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/td>31,6<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/td>1,4<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/td>61,4<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/td>21,1<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/td><\/tr>
2003<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/strong><\/td>8,5<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/td>63<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/td>30,4<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/td>27,4<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/td>61<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/td>31,8<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/td><\/tr>
2004<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/strong><\/td>11<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/td>81,8<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/td>31,3<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/td>45<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/td>57,4<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/td>32,4<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><\/table>

Kaynak: DTM<\/p>
\u0130hracat\u0131m\u0131z\u0131n mal gruplar\u0131 itibariyle da\u011f\u0131l\u0131m\u0131n\u0131 inceledi\u011fimizde ise, GB \u00f6ncesi d\u00f6nemde oldu\u011fu gibi GB\u2019nin son d\u00f6neminde de t\u00fcketim mallar\u0131 %65.3 ve %57.4\u2019l\u00fck paylarla AB\u2019ye yap\u0131lan ihracat\u0131n temelini olu\u015fturmu\u015ftur. \u0130kinci s\u0131rada bulunan ara mallar\u0131n\u0131n oran\u0131 ise 1\/3 olan seviyesini korumu\u015f, yat\u0131r\u0131m mallar\u0131n\u0131n pay\u0131 iki d\u00f6nem aras\u0131nda %2.9\u2019dan %11\u2019e kadar y\u00fckselmi\u015ftir. GB \u00f6ncesi %19 olan tar\u0131m \u00fcr\u00fcnlerinin pay\u0131, s\u00f6z konusu d\u00f6nem sonunda yar\u0131 yar\u0131ya azalarak %9\u2019a gerilemi\u015ftir. T\u00fcrkiye\u2019nin AB\u2019ye y\u00f6nelik ihracat\u0131 11.078 milyar dolardan 34.310 milyar dolara y\u00fckselirken, tar\u0131m \u00fcr\u00fcnleri ihracat\u0131 1995 y\u0131l\u0131ndaki 2 milyar dolarl\u0131k seviyesini a\u015famam\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Bu durum, T\u00fcrkiye\u2019nin tar\u0131m \u00fcr\u00fcnleri genel ihracat\u0131 i\u00e7in de ge\u00e7erlidir. 1995 y\u0131l\u0131nda 4.1 milyar dolar olan toplam tar\u0131m \u00fcr\u00fcnleri ihracat\u0131, 2003 y\u0131l\u0131nda 4.4 milyar dolar olarak ger\u00e7ekle\u015fmi\u015ftir.[6]<\/p>
 5. GENEL VE AB \u0130LE OLAN DI\u015e T\u0130CARET\u0130M\u0130Z\u0130N GEL\u0130\u015e\u0130M\u0130 <\/strong><\/p>
Grafik 1, 2 ve 3\u2019\u00fc inceledi\u011fimizde, G\u00fcmr\u00fck Birli\u011fi d\u00f6neminde, T\u00fcrkiye\u2019nin genel ihracat ve ithalat\u0131n\u0131n, AB\u2019ye olan ihracat ve ithalat\u0131 ile paralel bir geli\u015fme g\u00f6sterdi\u011fi ortaya \u00e7\u0131kmaktad\u0131r. Bu geli\u015fmenin, AB\u2019nin toplam d\u0131\u015f ticaretimiz i\u00e7inde %50 gibi y\u00fcksek bir paya sahip olmas\u0131ndan kaynakland\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 s\u00f6ylememiz m\u00fcmk\u00fcnd\u00fcr. Grafik 1 Ayr\u0131ca, T\u00fcrkiye\u2019nin AB\u2019ye olan ihracat\u0131n\u0131n ithalat\u0131 kar\u015f\u0131lama oran\u0131n\u0131n, ilk iki y\u0131lda gerileme g\u00f6stermekle birlikte, 1998 y\u0131l\u0131ndan itibaren tekrar y\u00fckseli\u015fe ge\u00e7ti\u011fi, 2002 y\u0131l\u0131ndan bu yana da 1995 seviyesinden daha yukar\u0131da seyretti\u011fi g\u00f6r\u00fclmektedir (1995 y\u0131l\u0131nda AB ile olan \u0130hracat\/ithalat oran\u0131m\u0131z %66 iken, 2005 y\u0131l\u0131nda bu oran %78 seviyesine \u00e7\u0131km\u0131\u015ft\u0131r).<\/p>
Grafik 2<\/p>
Di\u011fer taraftan, d\u0131\u015f ticaret kalemlerindeki geli\u015fme cari i\u015flemler dengesini olumsuz y\u00f6nde etkilemi\u015ftir. 1995 y\u0131l\u0131nda 2.3 milyar dolar olan cari i\u015flemler a\u00e7\u0131\u011f\u0131, 1996 y\u0131l\u0131nda 5.4 milyar dolara y\u00fckselmi\u015ftir. 1997 y\u0131l\u0131nda bavul ticareti hari\u00e7, cari i\u015flemler a\u00e7\u0131\u011f\u0131 4.7 milyar dolar olmu\u015ftur. [7] Ancak, bu geli\u015fmenin ne kadar\u0131 g\u00fcmr\u00fck birli\u011fine ba\u011fl\u0131 olarak ortaya \u00e7\u0131km\u0131\u015ft\u0131r, ne kadar\u0131 maliye politikas\u0131ndaki geni\u015flemeci e\u011filimin sonucudur, bunu tespit etmek olduk\u00e7a zordur.[8]<\/p>
Grafik 3<\/p>
Bununla birlikte, T\u00fcrkiye\u2019nin d\u0131\u015f ticaretinin, GB\u2019nden fazla etkilenmedi\u011fi fakat daha \u00e7ok kur politikalar\u0131\u2019ndan etkilendi\u011fini s\u00f6yleyebiliriz. 1990\u2019l\u0131 y\u0131llar\u0131n hemen ba\u015f\u0131ndan itibaren, uluslar aras\u0131 k\u0131sa vadeli sermaye hareketlerini \u00e7ekmek i\u00e7in uygulanan a\u015f\u0131r\u0131 de\u011ferlenmi\u015f TL politikas\u0131 bir ba\u015fka deyi\u015fle faiz lehine olu\u015fturulan faiz-kur makas\u0131 ithalat\u0131 \u00f6zendirirken ihracat\u0131 cezaland\u0131rm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.[9]<\/p>
6. G\u00dcMR\u00dcK B\u0130RL\u0130\u011e\u0130N\u0130N T\u0130CARET YAPICI ETK\u0130S\u0130 <\/strong><\/p>
GB, teknoloji transferi yoluyla birlik i\u00e7inde yer alan \u00fclkelerin \u00fcretim verimlili\u011fini art\u0131r\u0131r. \u00dcye \u00fclkeler aras\u0131nda ticarete kar\u015f\u0131 uygulanan tarife ve kotalar\u0131n kald\u0131r\u0131lmas\u0131 sonucunda mallar\u0131n fiyatlar\u0131 d\u00fc\u015fer. Bu geli\u015fmeler, \u00fclkeler aras\u0131ndaki ticaret hacminin ve dolay\u0131s\u0131yla daha ucuz ve kaliteli t\u00fcketimin artmas\u0131na yol a\u00e7ar.<\/p>
Bu kapsamda, T\u00fcrkiye\u2019nin AB\u2019ne olan ihracat\u0131n\u0131n 1995-2005 y\u0131llar\u0131 aras\u0131ndaki geli\u015fimine bakt\u0131\u011f\u0131m\u0131zda (Grafik 2), ihracat\u0131n istikrarl\u0131 bir \u015fekilde ve devaml\u0131 olarak artt\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 g\u00f6rebiliriz. T\u00fcrkiye\u2019nin AB\u2019nden ithalat\u0131n\u0131n da yakla\u015f\u0131k olarak benzer bir seyir g\u00f6sterdi\u011fini s\u00f6ylememiz m\u00fcmk\u00fcnd\u00fcr(Grafik 1). 1995 y\u0131l\u0131nda AB\u2019ne olan toplam ihracat\u0131m\u0131z 11.078 milyon $\u2019dan 2005 y\u0131l\u0131na geldi\u011fimizde 38.312 milyon Dolara y\u00fckselmi\u015ftir. Ayn\u0131 \u015fekilde, AB\u2019nden yapt\u0131\u011f\u0131m\u0131z ithalat ayn\u0131 y\u0131llarda, 16.760 milyon Dolardan 48.958 milyon Dolara \u00e7\u0131km\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Toplam ticaret hacmine bakt\u0131\u011f\u0131m\u0131zda ise, 1995 y\u0131l\u0131nda 27.838 milyon Dolardan 2005 y\u0131l\u0131nda 87.270 milyon Dolara \u00e7\u0131kt\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 g\u00f6rmekteyiz.<\/p>
7. G\u00dcMR\u00dcK B\u0130RL\u0130\u011e\u0130N\u0130N T\u0130CARET SAPTIRICI ETK\u0130S\u0130 <\/strong><\/p>
G\u00fcmr\u00fck Birli\u011fi\u2019nin 1996 y\u0131l\u0131nda y\u00fcr\u00fcrl\u00fc\u011fe girmesiyle, T\u00fcrkiye-AB aras\u0131nda g\u00fcmr\u00fck vergileri, miktar k\u0131s\u0131tlamalar\u0131 ve e\u015f etkili vergiler kald\u0131r\u0131lm\u0131\u015f, \u00fc\u00e7\u00fcnc\u00fc \u00fclkelere kar\u015f\u0131 ise AB\u2019nin ortak g\u00fcmr\u00fck tarifesi uygulanmaya ba\u015flanm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Bu durum, birlik d\u0131\u015f\u0131nda yer alan \u00fclkelerden yap\u0131lan ithalat\u0131n pahal\u0131 hale gelmesine kar\u015f\u0131l\u0131k Birlik \u00fcyesi \u00fclke mallar\u0131n\u0131n ucuzlamas\u0131na yol a\u00e7m\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Ancak, T\u00fcrkiye\u2019nin AB d\u0131\u015f\u0131 \u00fclkelerle ikili ticari ili\u015fkilerinin geli\u015fmi\u015f olmas\u0131 nedeniyle, GB\u2019nin ticaret sapt\u0131r\u0131c\u0131 etkisi \u00e7ok fazla hissedilmemi\u015ftir. Tablo 6\u2019dan da g\u00f6rebilece\u011fimiz gibi, 1995 y\u0131l\u0131nda AB\u2019nden ithalat\u0131m\u0131z\u0131n genel ithalat\u0131m\u0131z i\u00e7indeki pay\u0131 %47 iken, 1999 y\u0131l\u0131nda %53\u2019e y\u00fckselmi\u015f, 2005 y\u0131l\u0131nda ise %42 seviyesine gerilemi\u015ftir. Ayn\u0131 \u015fekilde AB\u2019ne olan ihracat\u0131m\u0131z\u0131n genel ihracat\u0131m\u0131z i\u00e7indeki pay\u0131 1995 y\u0131l\u0131nda %51 iken 1999 y\u0131l\u0131nda %54 seviyesine y\u00fckselmi\u015f, 2005 y\u0131l\u0131na gelindi\u011finde %52 seviyesinde ger\u00e7ekle\u015fmi\u015ftir.<\/p>
Bu \u00e7er\u00e7evede, T\u00fcrkiye-AB aras\u0131nda ger\u00e7ekle\u015ftirilen G\u00fcmr\u00fck Birli\u011fi\u2019nin, her ne kadar rekabet \u015fans\u0131 olmayan sekt\u00f6rlerde \u00fcretim ve istihdam kayb\u0131na yol a\u00e7mas\u0131 m\u00fcmk\u00fcn olsa da, bu s\u00fcre\u00e7te \u00fclkeye yabanc\u0131 sermaye ve teknoloji giri\u015finin h\u0131zlanmas\u0131 ve sanayinin rekabet g\u00fcc\u00fcn\u00fcn artmas\u0131na katk\u0131da bulunmas\u0131 nedeniyle, T\u00fcrkiye\u2019nin d\u0131\u015f ticaretinde olumlu bir etkisinin oldu\u011funu s\u00f6ylememiz m\u00fcmk\u00fcnd\u00fcr.<\/p>
SONU\u00c7<\/strong><\/p>
T\u00fcrkiye\u2019nin 1959 y\u0131l\u0131nda ba\u015flayan AB yolculu\u011fu, 1963 y\u0131l\u0131nda imzalanan Ankara Anla\u015fmas\u0131yla kurumsal bir niteli\u011fe b\u00fcr\u00fcnm\u00fc\u015f, 1970 tarihinde imzalanan Katma protokol ile derinlik kazanm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. 1995 y\u0131l\u0131nda imzalanan ve T\u00fcrkiye-AB G\u00fcmr\u00fck Birli\u011fi\u2019nin esaslar\u0131n\u0131 d\u00fczenleyen 1\/95 Say\u0131l\u0131 Ortakl\u0131k Konseyi Karar\u0131yla da ili\u015fkilerde son d\u00f6neme girilmi\u015ftir.<\/p>
Ayr\u0131ca, son y\u0131llarda \u00fclkemizde ya\u015fanan demokratikle\u015fme hareketleri ve sa\u011flanan ekonomik istikrar\u0131n, T\u00fcrkiye-AB kat\u0131l\u0131m m\u00fczakerelerinin 3 Ekim 2005 tarihinde ba\u015flamas\u0131na b\u00fcy\u00fck katk\u0131 sa\u011flad\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 s\u00f6ylememiz m\u00fcmk\u00fcnd\u00fcr.<\/p>
G\u00fcmr\u00fck Birli\u011fi, T\u00fcrkiye\u2019nin AB\u2019ne entegrasyonunda bir kilometre ta\u015f\u0131 olup, nihai hedef AB\u2019ne tam \u00fcyeliktir. T\u00fcrkiye\u2019nin gelece\u011fi, son 200 y\u0131ld\u0131r izledi\u011fi temel politikalara uygun olarak Bat\u0131 D\u00fcnyas\u0131 ile entegrasyonda yatmaktad\u0131r.[10]<\/p>
G\u00fcmr\u00fck Birli\u011fi esas olarak, AT\u2019n\u0131n 1971 y\u0131l\u0131nda, T\u00fcrkiye \u00e7\u0131k\u0131\u015fl\u0131 t\u00fcm sanayi \u00fcr\u00fcnlerine kar\u015f\u0131 g\u00fcmr\u00fck vergilerini tek tarafl\u0131 olarak s\u0131f\u0131rlamas\u0131 ile ba\u015flam\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. T\u00fcrkiye ise, Ortakl\u0131k Anla\u015fmas\u0131 gere\u011fince, Topluluk \u00e7\u0131k\u0131\u015fl\u0131 sanayi \u00fcr\u00fcnlerine kar\u015f\u0131 g\u00fcmr\u00fck vergilerini a\u015famal\u0131 olarak kald\u0131rma y\u00fck\u00fcml\u00fcl\u00fc\u011f\u00fc alt\u0131na girmi\u015ftir.<\/p>
T\u00fcrkiye\u2019nin AT\u2019na do\u011frudan ba\u015fvuru yapmak yerine bir ortakl\u0131k ili\u015fkisiyle Avrupa b\u00fct\u00fcnle\u015fme s\u00fcrecine girmesinin nedeni, T\u00fcrkiye ve AT \u00fcyesi \u00fclkeler aras\u0131ndaki b\u00fcy\u00fck ekonomik, sosyal ve siyasal farkt\u0131r. Ortakl\u0131k s\u00fcrecinde, s\u00f6z konusu fark\u0131n giderek kapat\u0131lmas\u0131 hedeflenmi\u015ftir. T\u00fcrkiye-AB G\u00fcmr\u00fck Birli\u011fi bu fark\u0131n ekonomik anlamda giderilmesi i\u00e7in \u00f6nemli bir s\u00fcre\u00e7 olmu\u015ftur.[11]<\/p>
Bu kapsamda, G\u00fcmr\u00fck Birli\u011fi, T\u00fcrkiye-AB ili\u015fkilerinin daha da derinle\u015fmesine katk\u0131da bulunarak, mallar\u0131n serbest dola\u015f\u0131m\u0131 ve ticaret politikas\u0131; g\u00fcmr\u00fck vergileri, miktar k\u0131s\u0131tlamalar\u0131 ve e\u015f etkili \u00f6nlemler ile vergi ve resimlerin kald\u0131r\u0131lmas\u0131; ortak g\u00fcmr\u00fck tarifesi ve tercihli tarife politikalar\u0131; fikri s\u0131nai ve ticari haklar\u0131n korunmas\u0131 alanlar\u0131nda \u00f6nemli ad\u0131mlar at\u0131lmas\u0131nda ve yasalar\u0131n yak\u0131nla\u015ft\u0131r\u0131lmas\u0131nda itici bir g\u00fc\u00e7 olmay\u0131 ba\u015farm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/p>
Bununla birlikte, AB\u2019nin toplam d\u0131\u015f ticaretimiz i\u00e7inde %50 gibi y\u00fcksek bir paya sahip olmas\u0131 nedeniyle, GB d\u00f6neminde, T\u00fcrkiye\u2019nin AB ile olan d\u0131\u015f ticareti, genel d\u0131\u015f ticareti ile paralel bir seyir takip etmi\u015ftir.<\/p>
Sonu\u00e7 olarak, T\u00fcrkiye-AB G\u00fcmr\u00fck Birli\u011fi, her ne kadar T\u00fcrkiye\u2019nin d\u0131\u015f ticaretinde k\u00f6kl\u00fc bir de\u011fi\u015fikli\u011fe yol a\u00e7masa da, gerek ticaretin mal ve \u00fclke baz\u0131nda \u00e7e\u015fitlenmesine ve gerekse \u00fclkeye yeni teknoloji ve sermaye giri\u015finin h\u0131zlanmas\u0131na ve rekabetin geli\u015ftirilmesine sa\u011flad\u0131\u011f\u0131 katk\u0131lar dikkate al\u0131nd\u0131\u011f\u0131nda, tam \u00fcyelik yolunda at\u0131lan \u00e7ok yararl\u0131 bir ad\u0131m olmu\u015ftur.<\/p>
KAYNAK\u00c7A <\/strong><\/p>
D\u00d6NMEZ Mustafa, \u201cG\u00fcmr\u00fck Birli\u011finin Ekonomik Etkileri\u201d, DPT, Aral\u0131k 1998.<\/p>
DPT, \u201cAnkara Anla\u015fmas\u0131 ve Katma Protokol\u201d, Cilt 2, A\u011fustos 1993<\/p>
DPT, \u201cAvrupa Topluluklar\u0131n\u0131 kuran Temel Anla\u015fmalar(AK\u00c7T, AET, AAET)\u201d, Cilt 1,A\u011fustos 1993.<\/p>
KARLUK R\u0131dvan,\u201cAvrupa Birli\u011fi ve T\u00fcrkiye\u201d, Beta Bas\u0131m A.\u015e. , \u0130stanbul 2002.<\/p>
LITTOZ-MONNET Annabelle, VILLANUEVA PENAS Beatriz, \u201cTurkey and The European Union, the \u0130miplications of a Spesific Enlargement\u201d, sf. 3. http:\/\/www.irri-kiib.be\/papers\/050404Turquie-ALM-BVP.pdf<\/p>
\u00d6ZEN \u00c7\u0131nar, \u201cT\u00fcrkiye-Avrupa Toplulu\u011fu G\u00fcmr\u00fck Birli\u011fi ve Tam \u00dcyelik S\u00fcrecine Etkileri\u201d, 1.Bask\u0131, May\u0131s 2002.<\/p>
SO\u011eUK Handan, \u0130KV, http:\/\/www.ikv.org.tr\/arastirmalar\/degerlendirmeler\/degerlendirmeler.html<\/p>
\u015eAH\u0130N\u00d6Z Ahmet, \u201cAB-T\u00fcrkiye: Ticari \u0130li\u015fkiler ve G\u00fcmr\u00fck Birli\u011fi\u201d, \u0130ktisat \u0130\u015fletme ve Finans Dergisi, Haziran 2004.<\/p>
\u201cT\u00fcrkiye 2005 \u0130lerleme Raporu\u201d, Avrupa Komisyonu, Br\u00fcksel, 9 Kas\u0131m 2005, SEC(2005)1426. Ulusal Program, 24.07.2003 tarihli 25178 say\u0131l\u0131 Resmi Gazete.<\/p>
\u0130nternet Kaynaklar\u0131<\/p>
www.abgs.gov.tr<\/p>
www.abhaber.com<\/p>
www.deltur.cec.eu.int<\/p>
www.die.gov.trwww.dpt.gov.tr<\/p>
www.dtm.gov.tr<\/p>
www.hazine.gov.tr<\/p>
www.ikv.org.tr<\/p>
[1] Roma Anla\u015fmas\u0131\u2019n\u0131n 13 \u00fcnc\u00fc maddesinde, \u00fcye devletlerin, aralar\u0131nda y\u00fcr\u00fcrl\u00fckte olan ithalata y\u00f6nelik g\u00fcmr\u00fck vergilerini ve e\u015f etkili y\u00fck\u00fcmleri, ge\u00e7i\u015f d\u00f6nemi i\u00e7inde a\u015famal\u0131 olarak kald\u0131racaklar\u0131 h\u00fckme ba\u011flanm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.
[2] Annabelle LITTOZ-MONNET, Beatriz VILLANUEVA PENAS, \u201cTurkey and The European Union, the Implications of a Spesific Enlargement\u201d, sf. 3.
[3] Handan SO\u011eUK, \u0130KV, http:\/\/www.ikv.org.tr\/arastirmalar\/degerlendirmeler\/degerlendirmeler.html
[4] \u201cT\u00fcrkiye 2005 \u0130lerleme Raporu\u201d, Avrupa Komisyonu, Br\u00fcksel, 9 Kas\u0131m 2005, SEC(2005)1426. sf.7.
[5] Handan SO\u011eUK.
[6] Ahmet \u015eAH\u0130N\u00d6Z, sf.39
[7] Bavul ticareti dahil edildi\u011finde cari i\u015flemler a\u00e7\u0131\u011f\u0131 1996 y\u0131l\u0131nda 2.4 milyar dolar, 1997 y\u0131l\u0131nda ise 2.8 milyar dolar olmaktad\u0131r.
[8] Mustafa D\u00d6NMEZ, \u201cG\u00fcmr\u00fck Birli\u011finin Ekonomik Etkileri\u201d, DPT, Aral\u0131k 1998. sf. 2.
[9] Ahmet \u015eAH\u0130N\u00d6Z, sf. 38
[10] R\u0131dvan KARLUK, \u201cAvrupa Birli\u011fi ve T\u00fcrkiye\u201d, Beta Bas\u0131m A.\u015e., \u0130stanbul 2002, sf.697.
[11] \u00c7\u0131nar \u00d6ZEN, sf. 120-121. Kaynak: Divan Dergisi Say\u0131:4<\/span><\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"
Nejat \u00c7o\u011fal Ankara – 1985 \u00a0 1. GENEL DE\u011eERLEND\u0130RME Avrupa Ekonomik Toplulu\u011fu (AET), 1957 y\u0131l\u0131nda, bir g\u00fcmr\u00fck birli\u011fi \u015feklinde kurulmu\u015f ancak ileride geni\u015f kapsaml\u0131 bir ekonomik ve siyasi birlik olu\u015fturmay\u0131 hedeflemi\u015ftir. Topluluk \u00fcyeleri, 1 Temmuz 1968 tarihinde birbirlerine uygulad\u0131klar\u0131 g\u00fcmr\u00fck tarifelerini t\u00fcm\u00fcyle ortadan kald\u0131rarak Ortak G\u00fcmr\u00fck Tarifesini y\u00fcr\u00fcrl\u00fc\u011fe koymu\u015flar ve b\u00f6ylece kendi aralar\u0131nda g\u00fcmr\u00fck birli\u011fini […]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":4379,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"elementor_header_footer","format":"standard","meta":{"_eb_attr":"","_gspb_post_css":"","_crdt_document":"","footnotes":""},"categories":[9,7],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-4381","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-gumruk-hukuku","category-makale"],"blocksy_meta":[],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/yeni.maliyeokulu.org.tr\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/4381","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/yeni.maliyeokulu.org.tr\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/yeni.maliyeokulu.org.tr\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/yeni.maliyeokulu.org.tr\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/yeni.maliyeokulu.org.tr\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fcomments&post=4381"}],"version-history":[{"count":4,"href":"https:\/\/yeni.maliyeokulu.org.tr\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/4381\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":6915,"href":"https:\/\/yeni.maliyeokulu.org.tr\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/4381\/revisions\/6915"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/yeni.maliyeokulu.org.tr\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/media\/4379"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/yeni.maliyeokulu.org.tr\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fmedia&parent=4381"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/yeni.maliyeokulu.org.tr\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fcategories&post=4381"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/yeni.maliyeokulu.org.tr\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Ftags&post=4381"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}